Biomarker Reference Ranges
Reference ranges listed here reflect standard adult values used in clinical laboratories. Individual optimal ranges may differ based on age, sex, medications, and clinical context. These values are provided as orientation for patients reviewing bloodwork results during peptide therapy — they are not diagnostic thresholds. Always interpret lab results with your healthcare provider.
Optimization:
Higher is better Lower is better Within rangeCardiovascular (5 markers)
| Biomarker | Reference Range | Optimization |
|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure | — mmHg | Within range |
| Heart Rate | 60–100 bpm | Within range |
| Lipid Panel | — mg/dL | Within range |
| Pulmonary Artery Pressure | 8–20 mmHg | Lower is better |
| Triglycerides | 0–150 mg/dL | Lower is better |
Dermatological (1 marker)
| Biomarker | Reference Range | Optimization |
|---|---|---|
| Melanocyte Count | — cells | Within range |
Endocrine (7 markers)
| Biomarker | Reference Range | Optimization |
|---|---|---|
| Cortisol | 6–18 µg/dL | Within range |
| Estradiol | 10–40 pg/mL | Within range |
| Growth Hormone | 0.4–10 ng/mL | Higher is better |
| IGF-1 | 115–355 ng/mL | Higher is better |
| Melatonin | — pg/mL | Within range |
| Prolactin | 2–18 ng/mL | Within range |
| Testosterone | 300–1000 ng/dL | Higher is better |
Gastrointestinal (2 markers)
| Biomarker | Reference Range | Optimization |
|---|---|---|
| ALT/AST | 7–56 U/L | Within range |
| Liver Enzymes | — U/L | Within range |
Immunological (8 markers)
| Biomarker | Reference Range | Optimization |
|---|---|---|
| CD4/CD8 Ratio | 1–4 ratio | Within range |
| CRP | 0–3 mg/L | Lower is better |
| ESR | 0–20 mm/hr | Lower is better |
| SA-β-galactosidase | — relative | Lower is better |
| TNF-α | 0–8.1 pg/mL | Lower is better |
| WBC | 4500–11000 cells/µL | Within range |
| hs-CRP | 0–1 mg/L | Lower is better |
| p16INK4a | — relative | Lower is better |
Metabolic (11 markers)
| Biomarker | Reference Range | Optimization |
|---|---|---|
| Body Weight | — kg | Within range |
| Ceruloplasmin | 20–60 mg/dL | Within range |
| Copper (Serum) | 70–175 µg/dL | Within range |
| Fasting Glucose | 70–100 mg/dL | Within range |
| HOMA-IR | 0.5–1.4 index | Lower is better |
| HbA1c | 4–5.6 % | Lower is better |
| Lactate | 0.5–2.2 mmol/L | Lower is better |
| NAD+ Levels | — pmol/mg | Higher is better |
| NNMT Activity | — relative | Lower is better |
| Telomere Length | — kb | Higher is better |
| Visceral Fat | — cm² | Lower is better |
Musculoskeletal (1 marker)
| Biomarker | Reference Range | Optimization |
|---|---|---|
| Creatine Kinase | 22–198 U/L | Within range |
Neurological (3 markers)
| Biomarker | Reference Range | Optimization |
|---|---|---|
| BDNF | 6000–30000 pg/mL | Higher is better |
| HGF | — ng/mL | Within range |
| Neuron-Specific Enolase | 0–16.3 ng/mL | Lower is better |
Reproductive (2 markers)
| Biomarker | Reference Range | Optimization |
|---|---|---|
| FSH | 1.5–12.4 mIU/mL | Within range |
| Luteinizing Hormone | 1.8–8.6 mIU/mL | Within range |
How to Use This Reference
Before Starting Peptide Therapy
Establish baseline values for any biomarkers relevant to your chosen peptide. Each peptide's bloodwork guide specifies which markers to test and when. Baseline results provide the comparison point for evaluating whether treatment is producing the expected physiological response.
Interpreting "Optimization Direction"
"Higher is better" and "lower is better" indicate the general direction associated with improved health outcomes in the published literature. "Within range" means both extremes carry risk, and the goal is to stay within the reference interval. These are population-level signals — your provider may set different targets based on your clinical picture.
Ranges Without Numeric Values
Some biomarkers are listed without specific numeric ranges. This occurs when the marker is measured by specialized assays with lab-specific reference intervals, when the marker is qualitative rather than quantitative, or when population norms have not been established. In these cases, your lab report will include the facility-specific reference range.